{"id":24366,"date":"2024-06-06T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/?p=24366"},"modified":"2026-07-04T12:00:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-04T09:00:50","slug":"the-transfer-of-frozen-russian-assets-to-ukraine-by-the-united-states-legal-and-political-framework","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/fr\/2024\/06\/06\/the-transfer-of-frozen-russian-assets-to-ukraine-by-the-united-states-legal-and-political-framework\/","title":{"rendered":"Le transfert des avoirs russes gel\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine par les \u00c9tats-Unis : cadre juridique et politique"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-quick-download-button-download-button aligncenter qdbn-wrapper\"><div class=\"qdbn\" data-plugin-name=\"qdbn\" data-style=\"small\" data-file=\"hide-file\" data-size=\"hide-size\"><div class=\"qdbn-download-button-inner\"><button type=\"button\" data-button-type=\"small\" class=\"g-btn f-l\" style=\"background-color:#0e107b;color:#ffffff;border-radius:25px;border:1px solid #e2e2e2\" data-attachment-id=\"42767\" data-page-id=\"18850\" data-post-id=\"\" data-have-external=\"false\" data-external-url=\"\" data-wait-duration=\"0\" data-target-blank=\"true\" data-msg=\"Please wait...\" data-member=\"0\" data-has-icon-dark=\"false\" title=\"T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF en anglais\"><span class=\"download-btn-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M18 11.3l-1-1.1-4 4V3h-1.5v11.3L7 10.2l-1 1.1 6.2 5.8 5.8-5.8zm.5 3.7v3.5h-13V15H4v5h16v-5h-1.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span>T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF en anglais<\/span><\/button><p class=\"up\" style=\"background:transparent;border-radius:0\"><i class=\"fi fi-pdf\"><\/i><\/p><p class=\"down\" style=\"background:transparent;border-radius:0\"><i class=\"fi-folder-o\"><\/i><span class=\"file-size\">1 MB<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><quick-download-button-info class=\"qdb-btn-info\"><\/quick-download-button-info><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\"><strong>Principaux enseignements<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Avoirs gel\u00e9s consid\u00e9rables<\/strong>: Environ $300 milliards de fonds russes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 gel\u00e9s dans le monde, la majorit\u00e9 se trouvant en Europe. La plus grande part, soit environ $191 milliards, est d\u00e9tenue en Belgique. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, les \u00c9tats-Unis n\u2019ont gel\u00e9 qu\u2019environ $4-5 milliards, soit une fraction bien moindre du total.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00c9volution du cadre juridique<\/strong>: Une nouvelle l\u00e9gislation am\u00e9ricaine, dont l\u2019International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) et le Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity (REPO) for Ukrainians Act, donne au pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis l\u2019autorit\u00e9 juridique de confisquer et de transf\u00e9rer des avoirs russes. Ces lois visent \u00e0 garantir que le transfert des avoirs respecte les normes juridiques nationales et internationales.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Justification juridique et morale<\/strong>: Experts argue that confiscating and transferring Russian assets is justified under international law, especially through the principle of countermeasures. This principle allows states to take actions that would otherwise violate international norms to respond to serious breaches of international law, such as Russia&#8217;s invasion of Ukraine.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coordination mondiale<\/strong>: Le transfert efficace de ces avoirs exige des efforts coordonn\u00e9s entre les pays du G7 et d\u2019autres \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens. Une action commune est essentielle pour att\u00e9nuer les cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives \u00e9ventuelles et assurer une r\u00e9ponse unifi\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019agression russe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1240\" height=\"491\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-5.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: The Transfer of Frozen Russian Assets to Ukraine by the United States: Legal And Political Framework\" class=\"wp-image-24367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-5.png 1240w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-5-600x238.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-5-1024x405.png 1024w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-5-768x304.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-5-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1240px) 100vw, 1240px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La question du transfert des avoirs russes gel\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine est r\u00e9cemment devenue l\u2019un des sujets les plus d\u00e9battus, en particulier dans le contexte du retard pris par le Congr\u00e8s des \u00c9tats-Unis dans l\u2019octroi de l\u2019aide financi\u00e8re et militaire. La majorit\u00e9 des \u00c9tats de la r\u00e9gion euro-atlantique, y compris les \u00c9tats-Unis, ont gel\u00e9 une partie des fonds russes, principalement sous la forme d\u2019investissements financiers situ\u00e9s sur leur territoire. Il existe diverses mani\u00e8res de confisquer les avoirs russes. Toutefois, les \u00c9tats-Unis et leurs alli\u00e9s tentent de cr\u00e9er un m\u00e9canisme qui ne contreviendrait ni \u00e0 la l\u00e9gislation nationale ni au droit international et n\u2019entra\u00eenerait pas de cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives pour ces \u00c9tats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Combien d\u2019avoirs financiers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 gel\u00e9s ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The total amount of the frozen assets is approximately $300 billion, which constitutes about half of the reserves of the Central Bank of Russia. To be more precise, according to Reuters, the Bank&#8217;s holdings include approximately 207 billion in euros, 67 billion in U.S. dollars, 37 billion in British pounds, 36 billion in Japanese yen, 19 billion in Canadian dollars, 6 billion in Australian dollars, 1.8 billion in Singapore dollars, 1 billion in Swiss francs, and so forth. A significant portion of these assets comprises bank deposits and foreign securities investments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La plupart des avoirs saisis se trouvent en Europe, pour un total d\u2019environ $210 milliards ; la plus grande somme, $191 milliards, est gel\u00e9e en Belgique chez Euroclear, le d\u00e9positaire central de titres \u00e9tabli \u00e0 Bruxelles. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, selon diff\u00e9rentes sources, les \u00c9tats-Unis n\u2019ont gel\u00e9 que $4-5 milliards, ce qui ne repr\u00e9sente qu\u2019une infime fraction du montant total susceptible d\u2019\u00eatre transf\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-6.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: The Transfer of Frozen Russian Assets to Ukraine by the United States: Legal And Political Framework\" class=\"wp-image-24368\" style=\"width:676px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-6.png 798w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-6-600x351.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-6-768x449.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-6-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Localisation des avoirs russes gel\u00e9s, dont la majorit\u00e9 se trouve en Belgique. Financial Times.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the World Bank calculations, by March 2023, Ukraine will need $411 billion for post-war reconstruction. This figure has presumably risen even more over the past year. The main aim of transferring Russian assets to Ukraine is to utilize these funds for the country&#8217;s reconstruction. They should become part of the future reparations that Russia will have to pay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cadre juridique<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The primary challenge of confiscating Russian financial assets and subsequently transferring them to Ukraine lies in the legal aspect of the issue. At the outset of Russia&#8217;s full-scale invasion, U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen stated that U.S. law prohibits the confiscation of foreign monetary assets. However, this stance began to shift in the summer of 2023, as bipartisan support for aiding Ukraine started to diminish in the United States. Furthermore, in February 2024, she made a statement completely opposite to what was said two years ago. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><em>\u201cIt is necessary and urgent for our coalition to find a way to unlock the value of these immobilized assets to support Ukraine\u2019s continued resistance and long-term reconstruction,\u201d<\/em> Yellen said in remarks in Sao Paulo, Brazil, where Group of 20 finance ministers and central bank governors met. <em>\u201cI believe there is a strong international law, the economic, and moral case for moving forward. This would be a decisive response to Russia\u2019s unprecedented threat to global stability,\u201d<\/em> she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under existing legislative acts, such as the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity (REPO) for Ukrainians Act, the United States possesses the authority to confiscate Russian assets. These laws aim to legitimize the actions of the executive branch, particularly the President of the United States, in confiscating sovereign assets of the Russian Federation and redirecting them to a special non-profit entity known as the &#8220;Ukraine Support Fund.&#8221; The resources of the Fund will be managed by the U.S. Secretary of State, who, after consulting with USAID (United States Agency for International Development), will be able to transfer them directly to Ukraine or to an international compensation mechanism that is planned to be created in the future. The transfer of funds must be reported to the foreign affairs and finance committees of both houses of the U.S. Congress, and the Secretary of State must submit a report to the U.S. Congress every 90 days on the execution of duties.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"878\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-7.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: The Transfer of Frozen Russian Assets to Ukraine by the United States: Legal And Political Framework\" class=\"wp-image-24369\" style=\"width:706px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-7.png 878w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-7-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-7-768x513.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-7-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 878px) 100vw, 878px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>La secr\u00e9taire au Tr\u00e9sor Janet Yellen prend la parole lors d\u2019une conf\u00e9rence de presse consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 ses principales priorit\u00e9s pour les r\u00e9unions des ministres des Finances et des gouverneurs des banques centrales du G20, \u00e0 S\u00e3o Paulo, au Br\u00e9sil, le 27 f\u00e9vrier 2024. Carla Carniel\/ Reuters<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In September 2023, the Renew Democracy Initiative, an American non-profit organization dedicated to advancing and defending liberal democracy in the United States and abroad, released a report titled &#8220;The Legal, Practical, and Moral Case for Transferring Russian Sovereign Assets to Ukraine.&#8221; The report was authored by leading American legal experts, including Laurence H. Tribe, Raymond P. Tolentino, Kate M. Harris, Jackson Erpenbach, and Jeremy Lewin. Its main objective is to argue that the United States and its allies should confiscate Russian assets and transfer them to Ukraine. The authors contend that U.S. domestic law grants the President full authority to seize and transfer funds to Ukraine within the framework of a special mechanism provided by legislation. Furthermore, their analysis demonstrates that international law poses no obstacles to such actions by the United States or other nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In their analysis, the authors specifically delve into the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), which grants the President the prerogative to oversee the sovereign funds of another nation\u2014in this case, Russia\u2014should a state of emergency be declared due to threats to U.S. national security, foreign policy, or economy. Notably, as far back as 2014, President Obama invoked a state of emergency in response to Russia&#8217;s annexation of Crimea. In February 2022, President Biden further broadened its application following Russia&#8217;s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Consequently, the initial condition outlined in this act has already been satisfied, meaning that the executive branch (the President of the United States) now possesses the authority to allocate frozen Russian assets toward supporting Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The primary argument advanced by opponents of such actions is that the assets of another state&#8217;s Central Bank are safeguarded by international law. Consequently, their confiscation would constitute a breach of that state&#8217;s sovereignty. However, experts assert that a breach of the universal provisions of the UN Charter by one state grants all other states the right to resort to the principle of countermeasures. Essentially, this allows them to undertake specific actions that would ordinarily contravene international norms but are directed at punishing the violator in this instance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, the principle of countermeasures could be justifiably applied in Russia&#8217;s case. Russia has violated numerous principles of international law, fails to fulfill its international obligations under various treaties, and cannot invoke the international principle of state sovereignty when it has disregarded the sovereignty of a neighboring state by itself. Consequently, this legitimizes the application of countermeasures against Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, it&#8217;s important to consider that such a position could potentially provoke Russia into retaliating with similar actions, such as confiscating Western assets invested within Russia. In April 2023, Putin signed a decree to expropriate the assets of Finnish and German companies in response to Western sanctions, and he threatened to continue this process. Nevertheless, in this context, the political dimension seems to outweigh the economic concerns, as many American and European companies, reluctant to engage with a politically isolated state, are voluntarily withdrawing from the Russian market.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1004\" height=\"669\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-8.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: The Transfer of Frozen Russian Assets to Ukraine by the United States: Legal And Political Framework\" class=\"wp-image-24370\" style=\"width:705px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-8.png 1004w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-8-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-8-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-8-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1004px) 100vw, 1004px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Entreprises am\u00e9ricaines et europ\u00e9ennes ayant publiquement annonc\u00e9 r\u00e9duire volontairement leurs activit\u00e9s en Russie, au-del\u00e0 du minimum strictement exig\u00e9 par les sanctions internationales. Politiken\/Yale University<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additional arguments against transferring these financial assets to Ukraine include concerns about the diminishing attractiveness of investing in Western economies. There&#8217;s also apprehension regarding the potential for de-dollarization, which entails a shift away from the usage of Western currencies, particularly the U.S. dollar, in financial transactions. There are concerns that these factors could influence the inclination of nations in the so-called Global South towards the American dollar and the West as a whole. However, the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and the subsequent freezing of Russian assets did not demonstrate a significant acceleration of the de-dollarization process, which, incidentally, had commenced long before these events. While some argue that confiscation would signal to countries like China or Saudi Arabia that the dollar or euro is unreliable for preserving financial assets in these currencies, the majority of experts refute this claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les auteurs de l\u2019article de la Renew Democracy Initiative soulignent que la plupart des affirmations concernant les cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives de la confiscation des avoirs russes, telles que la d\u00e9dollarisation, sont exag\u00e9r\u00e9es. Ils estiment que cet exemple ne convaincra pas d\u2019autres pays d\u2019abandonner le dollar comme monnaie de conservation de leurs r\u00e9serves, d\u2019autant qu\u2019il n\u2019existe actuellement aucune meilleure alternative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019aspect moral de la question a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 abord\u00e9 dans ce rapport. Les auteurs soulignent le besoin crucial de d\u00e9montrer qu\u2019une guerre g\u00e9nocidaire d\u00e9clench\u00e9e sans provocation n\u2019\u00e9chappera pas \u00e0 l\u2019attention de la communaut\u00e9 internationale et que l\u2019agresseur en subira les cons\u00e9quences. En outre, la confiscation des avoirs russes et leur transfert \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine r\u00e9affirmeraient le principe selon lequel toute violation du droit international et des principes universels entra\u00eenera une obligation de rendre des comptes, et les \u00c9tats agresseurs ne peuvent se retrancher derri\u00e8re leur souverainet\u00e9 apr\u00e8s avoir viol\u00e9 celle d\u2019autrui. Dans le contexte mondial, les auteurs soulignent l\u2019importance de la coop\u00e9ration inter\u00e9tatique, car elle renforcerait la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 internationale de telles actions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents historiques<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It&#8217;s worth noting that precedents already exist in history. After Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the United States confiscated billions of dollars in Iraqi assets, which were directed toward reparations for Kuwait. The only difference is that these actions were sanctioned by the United Nations Compensation Commission. In the case of Russia&#8217;s war against Ukraine, such a scenario is impossible due to Russia&#8217;s status in the U.N. Security Council and its veto power. However, the actions of the United States and its allies would be legal even without special U.N. sanctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Le REPO (Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity) for Ukrainians Act<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comme indiqu\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, outre l\u2019International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent dans la l\u00e9gislation am\u00e9ricaine, qui autorise d\u00e9j\u00e0 le pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 confisquer et \u00e0 transf\u00e9rer des avoirs russes \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine, le Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 le 15 juin 2023. Cette loi a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cialement con\u00e7ue pour les sc\u00e9narios impliquant la Russie et visait \u00e0 acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le processus de confiscation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selon les informations fournies par le Hudson Institute, le Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians (REPO) Act, bipartite et bicam\u00e9ral, comprend quatre \u00e9tapes cl\u00e9s visant \u00e0 conf\u00e9rer au pr\u00e9sident une autorit\u00e9 juridique claire pour confisquer les avoirs russes gel\u00e9s et les transf\u00e9rer pour la reconstruction de l\u2019Ukraine. Il emp\u00eache \u00e9galement la Russie de contester ind\u00e9finiment les saisies devant les tribunaux des \u00c9tats-Unis et interdit la lib\u00e9ration des avoirs souverains gel\u00e9s jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que la Russie retire ses forces d\u2019Ukraine et s\u2019engage \u00e0 verser une indemnisation. Certains experts estiment que la confiscation des avoirs pourrait entra\u00eener de longues batailles judiciaires, mais il reste incertain que la Russie les engage et quel pourrait en \u00eatre le r\u00e9sultat. La loi charge aussi le pr\u00e9sident de collaborer avec des partenaires partageant les m\u00eames vues afin d\u2019\u00e9tablir un m\u00e9canisme international d\u2019indemnisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les auteurs de la Renew Democracy Initiative soulignent que, si l\u2019adoption de cette loi est principalement symbolique, elle rev\u00eat une grande importance puisqu\u2019elle vise \u00e0 pousser l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif h\u00e9sitant \u00e0 proc\u00e9der \u00e0 la confiscation. Toutefois, de nombreux experts mettent en \u00e9vidence la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de l\u2019affiner davantage, certaines dispositions comportant des ambigu\u00eft\u00e9s qu\u2019il convient de lever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exemples de confiscation de biens russes aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En d\u00e9cembre 2022, le S\u00e9nat a approuv\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019unanimit\u00e9 un plan visant \u00e0 utiliser certains avoirs russes confisqu\u00e9s pour aider l\u2019Ukraine dans sa guerre contre la Russie. Il s\u2019agit de confisquer certains biens appartenant \u00e0 des oligarques et \u00e0 des entreprises russes aux \u00c9tats-Unis qui ont commis des actes illicites au regard du droit am\u00e9ricain, enfreint les sanctions am\u00e9ricaines impos\u00e9es \u00e0 la Russie, entretenu des liens avec Poutine ou soutenu l\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine, puis de les transf\u00e9rer \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En outre, les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 confisqu\u00e9 des avoirs russes dans des cas pr\u00e9cis. Par exemple, le yacht de $300 millions appartenant \u00e0 Suleyman Kerimov, oligarque russe, a \u00e9t\u00e9 confisqu\u00e9 en mai par le gouvernement fidjien au nom du gouvernement des \u00c9tats-Unis. Selon le Washington Post, Kerimov, l\u2019un des hommes les plus riches de Russie et alli\u00e9 politique du pr\u00e9sident Vladimir Poutine, a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9 par le d\u00e9partement du Tr\u00e9sor des \u00c9tats-Unis comme un responsable du gouvernement de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de Russie et un membre du Conseil de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de Russie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De plus, en f\u00e9vrier 2023, $5.4 millions appartenant \u00e0 l\u2019oligarque russe Konstantin Malofeev, accus\u00e9 d\u2019avoir enfreint les sanctions am\u00e9ricaines contre la Russie, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confisqu\u00e9s par des procureurs des \u00c9tats-Unis et devaient \u00eatre transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Actions des \u00c9tats-Unis et de leurs alli\u00e9s<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le REPO (Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act) implique une coop\u00e9ration multilat\u00e9rale entre le pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis et les alli\u00e9s en vue de la confiscation et du transfert conjoints de fonds \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine. Il ne fait aucun doute que la mise en place d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme international sp\u00e9cial, qui facilitera la confiscation des fonds et d\u00e9terminera leur utilisation en Ukraine, constitue une \u00e9tape cruciale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que les avoirs russes confisqu\u00e9s aux \u00c9tats-Unis ne repr\u00e9sentent qu\u2019une infime fraction de la somme totale \u2014 environ $5 milliards sur $300 milliards \u2014, cette d\u00e9cision rev\u00eat une importance davantage politique que financi\u00e8re pour les \u00c9tats-Unis. Les principales pr\u00e9occupations des \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens portent sur le montant substantiel des fonds gel\u00e9s et sur le risque de cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent n\u00e9gatif pour les opposants \u00e0 la r\u00e9ponse occidentale collective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, most states&#8217; legislation necessitates new legislative amendments to legalize actions related to the confiscation of foreign assets. Among European allies, there is widespread support for the idea of transferring profits from frozen Russian assets to Ukraine, as recently endorsed by Janet Yellen, U.S. Treasury Secretary. However, this step alone falls short, as Ukraine requires a significantly larger sum for post-war reconstruction than the total amount of frozen assets, not to mention the profits derived from them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il convient de noter que les \u00c9tats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni sont plus proactifs que la France ou l\u2019Allemagne dans la confiscation d\u2019avoirs, leurs plus grandes entreprises ayant investi en Russie et risquant de voir leurs biens confisqu\u00e9s par la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de Russie en r\u00e9ponse aux actions occidentales. N\u00e9anmoins, tous les pays du G7, ainsi que les autres \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens ayant gel\u00e9 des avoirs russes, doivent prendre des d\u00e9cisions conjointes et cr\u00e9er des m\u00e9canismes de confiscation des fonds russes. Les \u00c9tats sont tr\u00e8s r\u00e9ticents \u00e0 agir seuls ; seuls des efforts communs garantiraient donc une confiscation r\u00e9ussie et att\u00e9nueraient les cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives auxquelles un seul \u00c9tat pourrait \u00eatre confront\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"830\" height=\"746\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-9.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: The Transfer of Frozen Russian Assets to Ukraine by the United States: Legal And Political Framework\" class=\"wp-image-24371\" style=\"width:616px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-9.png 830w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-9-600x539.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-9-768x690.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-9-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 830px) 100vw, 830px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Avoirs russes immobilis\u00e9s par les \u00c9tats de l\u2019UE depuis l\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie. Donn\u00e9es de Bloomberg<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le s\u00e9nateur des \u00c9tats-Unis Jim Risch (r\u00e9publicain de l\u2019Idaho), membre le plus haut plac\u00e9 de l\u2019opposition au sein de la commission des relations \u00e9trang\u00e8res du S\u00e9nat, s\u2019exprimant au Hudson Institute au sujet du Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity (REPO) for Ukrainians Act bipartite, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-10.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: The Transfer of Frozen Russian Assets to Ukraine by the United States: Legal And Political Framework\" class=\"wp-image-24372\" style=\"width:352px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-10.png 375w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-10-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u00ab Entre-temps, des informations publiques indiquent que plus de $300 milliards d\u2019avoirs souverains russes sont actuellement gel\u00e9s dans le monde, la plupart \u00e9tant d\u00e9tenus en Europe. Si les pays partageant les m\u00eames vues conviennent que la Russie devrait payer pour reconstruire l\u2019Ukraine, aucun pays n\u2019a encore \u00e9t\u00e9 dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 faire le premier pas pour y parvenir. Comme pour toutes les d\u00e9cisions cl\u00e9s prises jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent concernant l\u2019aide \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine, le leadership des \u00c9tats-Unis est essentiel \u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\"><strong>Conclusions<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sur la base des informations fournies, on peut en d\u00e9duire que, pour les \u00c9tats-Unis, o\u00f9 seule une petite fraction des avoirs gel\u00e9s est situ\u00e9e, la d\u00e9cision de les transf\u00e9rer servirait avant tout de geste politique. En effet, le montant concern\u00e9 est d\u00e9risoire par rapport aux besoins de l\u2019Ukraine pour sa reconstruction et \u00e0 la somme totale des avoirs russes d\u00e9tenus dans les pays alli\u00e9s des \u00c9tats-Unis. Le r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 des \u00c9tats-Unis dans ce sc\u00e9nario consiste donc \u00e0 encourager les pays europ\u00e9ens, o\u00f9 se trouve l\u2019essentiel des fonds russes, \u00e0 prendre des mesures pour engager le processus de confiscation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La collaboration au niveau du G7 concernant la confiscation des avoirs devrait favoriser la coh\u00e9sion et l\u2019\u00e9laboration d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme juridique unifi\u00e9, conforme \u00e0 la fois au droit international et \u00e0 la l\u00e9gislation interne de chaque pays participant. Dans le cas des \u00c9tats-Unis, les lois nationales existantes conf\u00e8rent d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 n\u00e9cessaire pour confisquer les avoirs et les utiliser \u00e0 la discr\u00e9tion de l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selon les experts, la confiscation est pleinement l\u00e9gitime au regard du droit international et les cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives potentielles pour les \u00c9tats sont minimes. Les \u00c9tats-Unis devraient donc assumer le leadership politique dans la confiscation et le transfert des avoirs russes \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine, montrant ainsi qu\u2019aucune violation du droit international par un \u00c9tat agresseur n\u2019\u00e9chappera \u00e0 l\u2019attention de la communaut\u00e9 internationale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En outre, ces fonds pourraient constituer une partie des r\u00e9parations que la Russie sera finalement tenue de payer, probablement contre son gr\u00e9, et \u00eatre affect\u00e9s \u00e0 la reconstruction d\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre de l\u2019Ukraine, dont le co\u00fbt est estim\u00e9 \u00e0 des centaines de milliards de dollars des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compte tenu de l\u2019attention consid\u00e9rable accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la confiscation et au transfert des avoirs russes \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine, des premi\u00e8res mesures prises par certains \u00c9tats, dont les \u00c9tats-Unis, et du retard pris par le Congr\u00e8s des \u00c9tats-Unis dans l\u2019octroi de l\u2019aide \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine, ce processus est susceptible de se poursuivre et de finir par aboutir. Il permettra aux \u00c9tats-Unis et \u00e0 leurs alli\u00e9s de d\u00e9montrer leur engagement envers l\u2019Ukraine dans sa confrontation avec la Russie, leur unit\u00e9 et leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 mener des actions conjointes visant \u00e0 punir les \u00c9tats agresseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><strong><em>Avertissement : les points de vue, pens\u00e9es et opinions exprim\u00e9s dans les articles publi\u00e9s sur ce site appartiennent exclusivement aux auteurs et ne refl\u00e8tent pas n\u00e9cessairement ceux du Transatlantic Dialogue Center, de ses comit\u00e9s ou de ses organisations affili\u00e9es. Ces articles visent \u00e0 stimuler le dialogue et la discussion et ne repr\u00e9sentent pas les positions politiques officielles du Transatlantic Dialogue Center ni de toute autre organisation \u00e0 laquelle les auteurs peuvent \u00eatre associ\u00e9s.<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Takeaways The issue of transferring frozen Russian assets to Ukraine has recently become one of the most discussed topics, especially in the context of the delay in financial and military support in the U.S. Congress. The majority of states within the Euro-Atlantic region, including the United States, have frozen a portion of Russian funds, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":24373,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59,13,56],"tags":[],"topic":[84,95,92],"class_list":["post-24366","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eng-central-eastern-europe","category-en-analyses","category-eng-north-america","topic-russia","topic-usa","topic-war"],"mb":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.6 (Yoast SEO v25.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Transferring Frozen Russian Assets to Ukraine | TDC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This analysis explains the U.S. framework for transferring frozen Russian assets to Ukraine and the coordination required 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