{"id":22855,"date":"2024-03-14T12:19:41","date_gmt":"2024-03-14T10:19:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/?p=22855"},"modified":"2026-07-04T12:00:49","modified_gmt":"2026-07-04T09:00:49","slug":"how-to-find-the-truth-in-the-world-of-russian-disinformation-german-experience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/ar\/2024\/03\/14\/how-to-find-the-truth-in-the-world-of-russian-disinformation-german-experience\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-by-anastasiia-novikova\"><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-quick-download-button-download-button aligncenter qdbn-wrapper\"><div class=\"qdbn\" data-plugin-name=\"qdbn\" data-style=\"small\" data-file=\"hide-file\" data-size=\"hide-size\"><div class=\"qdbn-download-button-inner\"><button type=\"button\" data-button-type=\"small\" class=\"g-btn f-l\" style=\"background-color:#0e107b;color:#ffffff;border-radius:25px;border:1px solid #e2e2e2\" data-attachment-id=\"41493\" data-page-id=\"18850\" data-post-id=\"\" data-have-external=\"false\" data-external-url=\"\" data-wait-duration=\"0\" data-target-blank=\"true\" data-msg=\"Please wait...\" data-member=\"0\" data-has-icon-dark=\"false\" title=\"\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 PDF \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\"><span class=\"download-btn-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M18 11.3l-1-1.1-4 4V3h-1.5v11.3L7 10.2l-1 1.1 6.2 5.8 5.8-5.8zm.5 3.7v3.5h-13V15H4v5h16v-5h-1.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span>\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 PDF \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/button><p class=\"up\" style=\"background:transparent;border-radius:0\"><i class=\"fi fi-pdf\"><\/i><\/p><p class=\"down\" style=\"background:transparent;border-radius:0\"><i class=\"fi-folder-o\"><\/i><span class=\"file-size\">4 MB<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><quick-download-button-info class=\"qdb-btn-info\"><\/quick-download-button-info><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\" id=\"h-key-takeaways\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong>: \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062b\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>: These campaigns have successfully influenced German perceptions on key issues, leading to protests against Ukrainian refugees, arson attacks, and a worrying rise in pro-Russian sentiments, despite clear evidence of Russia&#8217;s aggression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-10-1024x354.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: How to Find the Truth in the World of Russian Disinformation: German Experience\" class=\"wp-image-22857\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-10-1024x354.png 1024w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-10-600x207.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-10-768x265.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-10-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-10.png 1244w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-is-the-topic-of-russian-disinformation-important-in-germany\"><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d. <\/strong>And Russia knows this well. In February 2013, General Valery Gerasimov, Chief of the Russian General Staff, published a short piece on &#8216;the value of science in forecasting,&#8217; in which he outlined the contours of future warfare. He inaugurated the following ideas: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2015 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 <strong>&#8216;hybrid warfare&#8217;<\/strong> as a &#8216;new strategic challenge&#8217; that would require NATO member states to act on the local, national, and international levels to &#8216;prepare and defend their populations&#8217; in light of the post-2014 security environment&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u062e\u0634\u064a 91% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2015 \u06482021 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 <strong>700 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/russian-disinformation-threat-looms-large-over-cold-german-winter\/a-63096336\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u064a 19 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u060c \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u064a\u063a \u0628\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0623\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a-\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a 31 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 200 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"811\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-11.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: How to Find the Truth in the World of Russian Disinformation: German Experience\" class=\"wp-image-22859\" style=\"width:739px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-11.png 811w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-11-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-11-768x511.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-11-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 811px) 100vw, 811px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649. (Jens Schlueter\/Getty Images)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even after 2022, when the illegality of Russia&#8217;s actions became obvious, there is still a lack of awareness of the scale of brutality and crimes committed by the Russian military among the general public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the &#8220;Belastungsprobe f\u00fcr die Demokratie&#8221; study, almost one in five Germans believed that NATO provoked Russia for so long that Russia had to start a war (19%). The most worrying trend is that since April 2022, the support for pro-Russian statements has been gradually increasing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-is-russian-disinformation-so-influential-in-germany-historical-and-cultural-context\"><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 K\u00f6rber \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 17% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f 69% \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, after the Second World War, when the Soviet Union lost more than 26 million people, Germany was left with a &#8220;<strong>\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0646\u0628<\/strong>&#8221; for Russia. For example, Germans frequently see Russia as the only victim of annihilation caused by the war in Central and Eastern Europe. In the same way, they consider Russia to be the only triumphant country. However, the Red Army comprised soldiers from various national backgrounds, and in fact, Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine endured the most extensive destruction and loss of lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Second, Germany has been a target of Soviet and later Russian disinformation since the Cold War. In the 1950s, the Soviets tried to raise the threat of a revival of Nazism to encourage support for pro-Soviet parties. And in the 1983 election, Moscow orchestrated what Chancellor Helmut Kohl&#8217;s government called a &#8220;massive propaganda campaign to interfere in West German affairs&#8221; to remove him from power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a <strong>Ostpolitik<\/strong> in the early 1970s. Since then, close relations with Russia have become a permanent part of German foreign policy. The idea of this policy was the democratization of Russia through its economic integration. Germany believed that by strengthening economic ties between the countries, Moscow would become less aggressive in preserving its profits. However, the principles of positive interdependence simply do not coincide with Russia&#8217;s perception of its interests and the nature of its state system. Therefore, the result was that Germany itself became dependent on Russia, especially on its gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Germany has become an interesting example of Russia being supported by both right-wing (Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland) and left-wing (Die Linke) parties. This shows the indifference of the Russian leadership to ideologies since they only understand the concept of &#8220;interests and benefits.&#8221; And it is this approach that leads to great sacrifices because it devalues human life on the way to the goal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2014 and the annexation of Crimea failed to review the legacy of Ostpolitik, but in 2022, Olaf Scholz gave a speech where he announced a plan for a radical break with Germany&#8217;s traditional policy towards Russia. This gives hope for the reduction of Russia&#8217;s influence in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2<\/strong><strong>. \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 2.5-3 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 16 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u2013 <strong>\u00abOstalgia\u060c\u00bb<\/strong> based on the combination of the words Ost (German for &#8220;east&#8221;) and Nostalgia for people who miss Germany&#8217;s communist past.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"446\" height=\"345\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-13.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: How to Find the Truth in the World of Russian Disinformation: German Experience\" class=\"wp-image-22863\" style=\"width:364px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-13.png 446w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-13-16x12.png 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, the Russian leadership actively promoted informal integration activities such as exchanges. For example, 15-year-old Angela Merkel won a trip to Moscow as a reward for her performance in East Germany&#8217;s national Russian-language competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another characteristic feature of many Germans is the rejection of radicalism, both in actions and in thoughts, which derives from the World War II legacy. Although sometimes there is simply an aggressor and a victim, they believe that there is no black or white and want to look at the situation from different angles. A commitment to negotiations isn&#8217;t always an effective tactic in a war, where quick decisions and a firm position are required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3<\/strong><strong>. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the last 26 years, Germany&#8217;s exports to Russia grew by 6.22% year-over-year from $6.51 billion in 1995 to $31.3 billion in 2021, while Russia&#8217;s exports to Germany grew by 4.56% from $6.04 billion in 1995 to $19.2 billion in 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 $220 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f Nord Stream 2 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a Uniper \u0648Wintershall \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0631 (SPD) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 Nord Stream AG. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a (CDU) \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"731\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-12.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: How to Find the Truth in the World of Russian Disinformation: German Experience\" class=\"wp-image-22862\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-12.png 731w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-12-600x401.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-12-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 Nord Stream 2 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. Lena Mucha \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d The NYT<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 Gazprom \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Correctiv \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a-\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064016 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u20ac-376M (-38.2%) \u0645\u0646 \u20ac986M \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u20ac610M\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u20ac-1.56B (-86.3%) \u0645\u0646 \u20ac1.8B \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u20ac246M.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-methods-does-russia-use-in-germany\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.<\/strong> <strong>&#8220;Controlled chaos&#8221; or &#8220;variety of truths&#8221;.<\/strong> For example, when Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down, the Ministry of Defense of Russia held a special press conference where it presented various scenarios. Although they were mutually contradictory and did not withstand even a brief examination by experts, they fulfilled their purpose &#8211; to sow doubts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more modern example is the mass media&#8217;s coverage of the tragic events in Bucha. As noted by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, during the time this settlement was under the control of the Russian Armed Forces, not a single local resident suffered from any violent actions. In other news reports, the footage of the dead people was called staging and claimed that &#8220;bodies are moving.&#8221; Lavrov said that this was a fake attack by the Kyiv authorities, and Lukashenko blamed Great Britain for the provocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main goal of this &#8220;informational chaos&#8221; is to make us doubt because then we are no longer sure who is right and cannot make decisions to confront injustice, as it becomes unclear who is guilty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russian news is a real art of the absurd. As Splidsboel Hansen wrote in his report, &#8220;In the best postmodern tradition, there is no &#8216;objective news&#8217; &#8211; only different, rivaling interpretations which purport to show different aspects of what may be called &#8216;reality.'&#8221; When we read the news that Ukraine breeds combat locusts and sends them to the battlefield or uses birds as biological weapons, it does not mean that we should believe it. But with so many variations of the truth, we get confused and lose the ability to respond effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.<\/strong> <strong>\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0630\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/strong> For example, when the state-controlled media avoided news about the Russian invasion of Crimea in February 2014. Only when Putin openly admitted that the &#8220;little green men&#8221; were actually Russian troops did journalists begin to write about the topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. <\/strong>This means that the news reports true events, but the &#8220;correct opinion&#8221; is imposed on the reader. It may not necessarily contain falsehood, but it is done to form certain political preferences in him. For example, if Russian mass media write about the training of the Armed Forces abroad, they will write that Russia has sent a note to NATO countries regarding the supply of weapons to Ukraine, and the pumping of Ukraine with weapons by the West has a negative effect on Russian-Ukrainian negotiations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/strong> This method is very common to mislead the reader. When creating such disinformation, propagandists choose the information that forms the desired opinion, and information that contradicts it is not mentioned. For example, Russian propagandists disseminated a distorted speech by the top US general, Christopher Cavoli, where he allegedly said that &#8220;the Russian military is apparently &#8216;unscathed,&#8217; and the Western media are distorting information about the &#8216;degradation&#8217; of the Russian troops.&#8221; In fact, the general said only about the Russian patrols in the Atlantic Ocean that it was this part of their forces that was not affected by the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 400 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 Bayraktar\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 Baykar Tech \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 300 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648.<\/strong> An example of this can again be the situation when Russian mass media distributed a video where Zelensky had cocaine on his table, although it was photoshopped. The strategy for faking a photo or video isn&#8217;t necessarily to trick everyone into believing it&#8217;s real. The cheap and easy production and distribution of images and videos online make these formats the most widely used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/strong> Its purpose is to suppress the rational thinking of the audience. Carolyn Schwartz of ISD Germany writes: &#8220;As emotions such as anger or fear are evoked, people tend to share this content.&#8221; For example, the story about the boy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.delfi.lt\/ru\/detektor-lzhi\/lozh\/feyk-ukrainskie-voennye-raspyali-trehletnego-rebenka-89665481\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-is-russian-disinformation-spread\"><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-14.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: How to Find the Truth in the World of Russian Disinformation: German Experience\" class=\"wp-image-22864\" style=\"width:723px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-14.png 945w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-14-600x338.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-14-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-14-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a RT DE \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 625,000 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 Facebook \u0648608,000 \u0639\u0644\u0649 YouTube\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b Belltower News.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 EEAS \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a (FIMI)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 30 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c 16 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 44% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064836% \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lutz Gullner, head of strategic communications at the European External Action Service (EEAS), warns that &#8220;disinformation is now being spread quite freely through diplomatic channels, such as the accounts of Russian embassies and consulates.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a 24 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2022\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 t-online \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 CORRECTIV \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a Facebook \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a Meta \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 $100,000 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Facebook \u0648Instagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 TikTok \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0640#Russia \u0648#Ukraine 37.2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u06488.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 NewsGuard \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 TikTok \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 Google. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And although Germany and Europe actively fight against disinformation, it still has a strong influence and finds various means to affect people\u2019s opinions people. For example, a number of pro-Russian YouTube channels, such as &#8220;InfraRot Medien &#8211; Sicht ins Dunkel&#8221; (InfraRed Media &#8211; Light in the Dark), which belongs to Ivan Rodionov, who worked at the Russian broadcaster RT DE from 2014 until October 2021. Or the blog &#8220;Anti-Spiegel&#8221; by St. Petersburg-based Thomas R\u00f6per or Alina Lipp. Most of them also have Telegram channels, for example, one ruled by Lipp currently has over 182,000 subscribers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a<\/strong> its huge volumes, speed of delivery, constant repetition, lack of logic, and indifference to reality and objective truth. Russian propagandists also have a high level of immorality, which allows them, for example, to claim that the airstrikes on the maternity hospital and children&#8217;s hospital No. 3 in Mariupol were fake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0648\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c <strong>\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0651\u0628 \u062f\u062d\u0636\u0647\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u0647\u0627\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>We assume that what we hear, read, see, and feel is true \u2013 this is what psychology calls &#8220;truth bias.\u201d And the more often we, people, hear something, the more likely we are to consider it true.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We are also more likely to believe information that supports our beliefs. Van der Linden, Professor of Social Psychology in Society at the University of Cambridge, extends this to a sense of belonging to a group: &#8220;People also share misinformation because it corresponds to people&#8217;s deep-rooted social, political, religious, spiritual, and other belief systems, and it is a way for people to define their identity in order to express groups, to which they belong to. &#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We strive to be unique. Pia Lamberti, managing director of the Center for Monitoring, Analysis, and Strategy (CeMAS), writes that it makes us feel more informed. And psychologist Roland Imhof also claims that it gives us a sense of &#8220;empowerment and a sense of control.&#8221; That is why RT&#8217;s slogan is &#8220;Question more&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disinformation is often more &#8220;entertaining&#8221; than sometimes &#8220;dry&#8221; facts. False statements are also often presented &#8220;intrusively&#8221; and written in capital letters with many exclamation marks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0648\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0646\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is a &#8220;sleeper effect,&#8221; which refers to the phenomenon in which sources with a low level of credibility later acquire high persuasive power. While we first assess the credibility of the source, information is often separated from it during memorization. Therefore, later, we do not remember the source, only the information.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0646\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-most-popular-topics-for-disinformation\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a EUvsDisinfo \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 6,000 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 40% \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"802\" height=\"383\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-17.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: How to Find the Truth in the World of Russian Disinformation: German Experience\" class=\"wp-image-22867\" style=\"width:519px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-17.png 802w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-17-600x287.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-17-768x367.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-17-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 EUvsDisinfo \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundesregierung.de\/breg-de\/schwerpunkte\/umgang-mit-desinformation\/aus-narrativen-desinformation-2080112\">\u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/a> \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 LGBT.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\/\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The collapse of Western countries or the entire EU is approaching, where Russia is an &#8220;island of stability&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Hahaganda&#8221;. This narrative is based on ridiculing institutions and politicians in order to undermine the credibility and reputation of the institution and the individual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. &#8220;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ria.ru\/20220425\/rusofobiya-1785415521.html\"><strong>\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8221; gripped the world.<\/strong> This is a very convenient position: if you do not support the crimes of Russia, you are simply a &#8220;Russophobe&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/strong> Zelenskyi turns out to be the new Hitler, the Kyiv regime is a terrorist, and Ukrainians should meet the Russian military &#8220;with bouquets of flowers.&#8221; And what difference does it make that Zelensky is from a Jewish family or that when he ran for office, his main idea was to unify the country, regardless of, for example, the language people speak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Dr. Fishman: \u201cThis propaganda is an attempt to delegitimize Ukraine in the eyes of the Russian public, which considers its war against Nazi Germany its greatest moment, and in the eyes of the Western publics who may not know much about Ukraine except that it&#8217;s next to Russia.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moreover, we see the development of this narrative. At the beginning of the war, Russia called only the government Nazis, and saw Ukrainians as victims, and wanted to &#8220;save&#8221; them. Whereas now, the entire Ukrainian nation has become an enemy, which legitimizes violence against people and murder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And while Russia shouts about &#8220;neo-Nazis&#8221; in Ukraine, they do not pay attention to themselves. While the whole world remembers the tragedy of the Second World War and shouts, &#8220;Never again,&#8221; Russians write on their cars, &#8220;We can repeat.&#8221;&nbsp; And when it comes to the danger of nuclear war, Putin says, &#8220;Why do we need such a world if there is no Russia?\u201c. Aleksandr Dugin, one of the main theorists of Russian modern philosophy, publicly encourages the Russian authorities: &#8220;Ukrainians should be killed, killed, killed &#8211; as a professor, I think so.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 2022\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong> caused by the Russian war and its consequences gained considerable popularity in Germany. The so-called &#8220;Furious Fall&#8221; and &#8220;Winter of Rage&#8221; were actively discussed both in the mass media and in the conspiracy-ideological environment. Researcher Smirnova claims that the goal is to depict the energy crisis in Europe as a consequence of the West&#8217;s solidarity with Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646. <\/strong>\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"843\" height=\"562\" src=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-18.png\" alt=\"Cover image for: Wie man in der Welt der russischen Desinformation die Wahrheit findet: Deutsche Erfahrung\" class=\"wp-image-22868\" style=\"width:699px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-18.png 843w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-18-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-18-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/tdcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-18-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 843px) 100vw, 843px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644. (Thomas Lohnes\/Getty Images)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 7.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0632\u064f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 Bertelsmann \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0646 86 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 74 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The European Policy Centre found that, in contrast to disinformation directed at Middle Eastern refugees that portrayed them as a &#8220;cultural&#8221; threat to Europeans, the campaign against Ukrainian refugees presented them as a threat to the health and wealth of Europeans. Across the EU, false and misleading stories related to housing support, easier access to education and health care, and financial assistance provided to refugees from Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A particularly prominent example was the statement by CDU (Christian Democratic Union) leader Friedrich Merz, who spoke of &#8220;welfare tourism&#8221; by Ukrainian refugees in September 2022. According to research by the tagesschau, this false claim was set off by a voice message on Telegram which talked about people from Ukraine regularly traveling to Ukraine with a bus company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 The OPAM\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-has-been-done-to-combat-russian-disinformation-1\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064f\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 COI Hybrid Influence \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 EUvsDisinfo\u060c <strong>4 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 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\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a (NetzDG) \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a (Medienstaatsvertrag) \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As part of the program &#8220;Demokratie Leben!&#8221; the Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth (BMFSFJ) supports projects that provide information on how to combat misinformation and conspiracy theories.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The EEAS East StratCom Task Force which was created in 2015 by the EU to respond to Russian disinformation. Within it, the members of the task force produced new materials of EEAS diplomacy by introducing practices they referred to as &#8216;myth-busting&#8217; and &#8216;positive narrative projection.&#8217; For example, the project EUvsDisinfo is one of EEAS\u00b4s products ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a (EDMO)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CORRECTIV, Germany&#8217;s first donation-funded media and one of Germany&#8217;s leading fact-checkers. Their position is that only education helps to resist the flow of misleading statements and targeted disinformation ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DPA-FACTCHECKING\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ARD-Faktenfinder\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 ARD.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BR24 #Faktenfuchs\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 BR\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 IFCN.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 DigiBitS \u0648Klicksafe \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-else-needs-to-be-done\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u061b \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f <strong>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. It is necessary to move from a &#8216;debunking approach&#8217; to a <strong>&#8216;prebunking strategy,&#8217;<\/strong> \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0643\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The advantage of this method is that it allows you to make the &#8220;first step.&#8221; And as we know, we trust the information we hear for the first time more. We have to consider in advance the different potential scenarios and assess what narratives and methods of disinformation might be used in these circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f<\/strong> <strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong>. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 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\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 <strong>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627. <\/strong>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b Ostpolitik \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><em>\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Takeaways Why is the topic of Russian disinformation important in Germany? Information is a weapon. And Russia knows this well. In February 2013, General Valery Gerasimov, Chief of the Russian General Staff, published a short piece on &#8216;the value of science in forecasting,&#8217; in which he outlined the contours of future warfare. He inaugurated [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":22868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,58],"tags":[],"topic":[99,96,116,84],"class_list":["post-22855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en-analyses","category-eng-western-europe","topic-disinformation","topic-germany","topic-hybrid-warfare","topic-russia"],"mb":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.6 (Yoast SEO v25.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Germany\u2019s Experience Countering Russian Disinformation | TDC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Russia\u2019s disinformation in Germany influences public opinion, leading to protests, arson attacks, and rising pro-Russian sentiment despite the aggression.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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